CHAPTER 32 : BASIC BAKERY TERMS
Allumette French word for 'matchstick'. Various puff pastry items made in thin sticks or strips.
Almond Paste A mixture of finely ground almonds and sugar.
Angel Food Cake A type of cake made with meringue (egg white and sugar) and flour.
Angel food Method A cake mixing method involving folding a mixture of flour and sugar onto a meringue.
Baba A type of yeast cake that is soaked in syrup.
Babka A type of sweet yeast bread or coffee cake.
Baked
Baking Ammonia A leavening agent that releases ammonia gas and carbon dioxide.
Baklava A Greek or Middle Eastern dessert made of nuts and phyllo dough and soaked in syrup.
Batter A semi-liquid mixture containing four or other starch, used for the production of cakes and breads, and for coating products to be deep-fried.
Bavarian Cream A light cold dessert made of gelatin, whipped cream, and custard sauce or fruit.
Beignet Soufflé A type of fritter made with éclair paste, which puffs up greatly when fried.
Blanc Mange 1) An English pudding made with milk, sugar and cornstarch. 2) A French dessert made of milk, cream, almonds and gelatin.
Bloom A whitish coating on chocolate, caused by separated cocoa butter.
Blown Sugar Pulled sugar that is made into thin walled, hollow shapes by being blown up like a balloon.
Bombe A type of frozen dessert made in a dome shaped mold.
Boston Cream Pie A sponge cake or other yellow cake filled with pastry cream and topped with chocolate fondant or confectioners' sugar.
Bran The hard outer covering of kernels of wheat and other grain.
Bran Flour Flour to which bran flakes have been added.
Bread Flour Strong flour, such as patent flour, used for breads.
Brioche Rich yeast dough containing large amounts of eggs and butter, or a product made from this dough.
Brown Sugar Regular granulated sucrose containing various impurities that give it a distinctive flavor.
Buttercream An icing made of butter and/or shortening blended with confectioners' sugar or sugar syrup a and sometimes other ingredients.
Cabinet Pudding A baked custard containing sponge cake and fruits.
Cake Flour A fine, white flour made from soft wheat.
Caramelization The browning of sugar caused by heat.
Cassata An Italian style bombe, usually with three layers of different ice-creams, plus a filling of Italian meringue.
Cast Sugar Sugar that is boiled to hard crack stage and than poured into molds to harden.
Celsius Scale The metric system of temperature measurement, with 0°C set at the freezing point of water and 100°C set at the boiling point of water.
Chemical Leavener A leavener such as baking soda, baking powder or baking ammonia, which releases gases produced by chemical reactions.
Chiffon Cake A light cake made by the chiffon method.
Chiffon Method A cake mixing method involving the folding of egg whites into a batter made of flour, egg yolks and oil.
Chiffon Pie A pie with a light fluffy filling containing egg whites and usually gelatin.
Chocolate Liquor Unsweetened chocolate, consisting of cocoa solids and cocoa butter.
Christmas Pudding A dark, heavy steamed pudding made of dried and candied fruits, spices, beef suet and crumbs.
Clear Flour A tan colored wheat flour made from the outer portion of the endosperm.
Coagulation The process by which proteins become firm, usually when heated.
Cobbler A fruit dessert similar to a pie but without a bottom.
Cocoa The dry powder that remains after cocoa butter is pressed out of the chocolate liquor.
Cocoa Butter A white or yellowish fat found in natural chocolate.
Compote Fruit cooked in sugar syrup.
Confectioners' Sucrose that is ground to a fine powder and mixed with
Sugar a little cornstarch to prevent caking.
Coupe A dessert consisting of one or two scoops of ice-cream or sherbet, placed in a glass and topped with any number of syrups, fruits and garnishes - a sundae.
Couverture Natural, sweet chocolate containing no added fats other than natural cocoa butter; used for dipping, molding, coating and similar purposes.
Creaming The process of beating fat and sugar to blend them uniformly and to incorporate air.
Cream Pie An unbaked pie containing a pastry cream type filling.
Cream Pudding A boiled pudding made of milk, sugar, starch and eggs.
Crème Anglaise A light vanilla flavored custard sauce made of milk, sugar and egg yolks.
Crème Caramel A custard baked in a mold lined with caramelized sugar and then de-molded.
Crêpe A very thin pancake often served rolled around a filling.
Crêpes Suzette French pancakes served in a sweet sauce flavored with oranges.
Croissant A flaky, buttery, yeast roll shaped like a crescent and made from a rolled in dough.
Custard A liquid that is thickened or set by the coagulation of egg protein.
Dessert Syrup A flavored syrup used to flavor and moisten cakes and desserts.
Devil's Food Cake A chocolate cake made with a high percentage of baking soda, which gives the cake a reddish tint.
Diastase Various enzymes, found in flour and in malt that convert starch into sugars.
Disaccharide A complex or double sugar such as sucrose.
Dobos Torte A Hungarian cake made of seven thin layers filled with chocolate buttercream and topped with caramelized sugar.
Docking Piercing or perforating pastry dough before baking in order to allow steam to escape and to avoid blistering.
Drained weight The weight of solid canned fruit after draining off the juice.
Dredge To sprinkle thoroughly with sugar or some other dry powder.
Drop Batter A batter that is too thick to pour but will drop from a spoon in lumps.
Dutch Process
Éclair Paste A paste or dough made of boiling water or milk, butter, flour and eggs; used to make éclairs, cream puffs and similar products.
Emulsion A mixture of two or more unmixable substances.
Endosperm The starchy inner portion of grain kernels.
Extraction The portion of the grain kernel that is separated into a particular grade of flour.
Fermentation The process by which yeast changes carbohydrates into carbon dioxide gas and alcohol.
Foaming The process of whipping air, with or without sugar, to incorporate air.
Fondant A type of icing made of boiled sugar syrup that is agitated so that it crystallizes into a mass of extremely small white crystals.
Frangipane A type of almond flavored cream.
French Pastry A variety of small fancy cakes and other pastries, usually in single portion size.
French Style Ice-cream containing egg yolks.
Ice-Cream
Fritter A deep fried item made of or coated with a batter or a dough.
Frozen Mousse A still frozen dessert containing whipped cream.
Ganache A rich cream made of sweet chocolate and heavy cream.
Gâteau French word for 'cake'.
Gaufre French word for 'waffle'.
Gelatinization The process by which starch granules absorb water and swell in size.
Genoise A sponge cake made with a batter containing melted butter.
Germ The plant embryo portion of a grain kernel.
Glacé 1) Glazed; coated with icing. 2) Frozen.
Glaze 1) A shiny coating, such as syrup, applied to a food. 2) To make a food shiny or glossy by coating it with a glaze or by browning it under a broiler or in a hot oven.
Gliadin A protein in wheat flours that combines with another protein glutenin to form gluten.
Gluten An elastic substance, formed from proteins present in wheat flours, that give structure and strength to baked goods.
Gram The basic unit of weight in the metric system; equal to about one-thirtieth of an ounce.
Granité A coarse, crystalline frozen dessert made of water, sugar and fruit juice or another flavoring.
Gum Paste A type of sugar paste or pastillage made with vegetable gum.
Hard Sauce A flavored mixture of confectioner's sugar and butter; often served with steamed puddings.
Hard Wheat Wheat high in protein.
Hearth Bread A bread that is baked directly on the bottom of the oven, not in a pan.
High Ratio 1) Term referring to cakes and cake formulas mixed by a special method and containing more sugar than flour. 2) The mixing method used for these cakes. 3) Term referring to certain specially formulated ingredients used in these cakes, such as shortening.
Homogenized Milk Milk that has been processed so that the cream does not separate out.
Hydrogenation A process that converts liquid oils to solid fats (shortenings) by chemically bonding hydrogen to the fat molecules.
Ice A frozen dessert made of water, sugar and fruit juice.
Ice Cream A churn-frozen mixture of milk, cream, sugar, flavorings, and sometimes eggs.
Icing Combs A plastic triangle with toothed or serrated edges; used for texturing icings.
Inversion A chemical process in which a double sugar splits in two simple sugars.
Invert sugar A mixture of two simple sugars, dextrose and levulose, resulting from the breakdown of sucrose.
Italian Meringue A meringue made by whipping boiling syrup into egg whites.
Japonaise A baked meringue flavored with nuts.
Kernel Paste A nut paste, similar to almond paste, made of apricot kernels and sugar.
Kilo Prefix in the metric system meaning "one thousand."
Kirsch A clear alcoholic beverage distilled from cherries.
Kugelhopf A type of rich, sweet bread or coffeecake usually made in a tube type pan.
Ladyfinger A small, dry, finger-shaped sponge cake or cookie.
Langue-de-Chat A thin, crisp cookie The French name means "cats tongue," referring to the shape of the cookie.
Lean Dough A dough that is low in fat and sugar.
Leavening The production or incorporation of gases in a baked product to increase volume and to produce shape and texture.
Linzertorte A tart made of raspberry jam and a short dough containing nuts and spices.
Liter The basic volume of unit in the metric system: equal to slightly more than a quart.
Macaroon A cookie made of eggs (usually whites) and almond paste or coconut.
Malt Syrup A type of syrup containing maltose sugar extracted from sprouted barley.
Marble To partly mix two colors of cake batter or icing so that the colors are in decorative swirls.
Marron French word for "chestnut."
Marshmallow A light confection, icing, or filling made of meringue and gelatin (or other stabilizers).
Marzipan A paste or confection made of almonds and sugar and often used for decorative work.
Meal Coarsely ground grain.
Melba Sauce A sweet sauce made of pureed raspberries and sometimes red currants.
Meringue A thick, white foam made of whipped eggs and sugar.
Meringue
Meringue Glacée Baked meringue filled with ice cream.
Meter The basic unit of length in the metric system; slightly longer than one yard.
Milli Prefix in the metric system meaning "one thousandth."
Modeling Chocolate A thick paste made of chocolate and glucose, which can be molded by hand into decorative shapes.
Molasses A heavy brown syrup made from sugar cane.
Monosaccharide A simple or single sugar such as glucose and fructose.
Mousse A soft cream dessert that is made light by the addition of whipped cream, egg whites, or both.
Napoleon A desert made of layers of puff pastry filled with pastry cream.
Net Weight The weight of total contents of a can or package.
No-Time Dough A bread dough made with a large quantity of yeast and given no fermentation time expect for a short rest after mixing.
Nougat A mixture of caramelized sugar and almonds or other nuts used in decorative work and as a confection and flavoring.
Old Dough A dough that is over-fermented.
One-Stage Method A cookie mixing method in which all the ingredients are added to the bowl at once.
Othello A type of small (single-portion size), spherical sponge cake filled with cream and iced with fondant.
Oven Spring The rapid rise of yeast goods in the oven due to the production and expansion of trapped gases caused by the oven heat.
Overrun The increase in volume of ice cream or frozen desserts due to the incorporation of air while freezing.
Pain d'Epice A type of gingerbread. French, meaning spice bread.
Palmier A small pastry or petit four sec made of rolled sugared puff pastry. Cut into slices and baked.
Parfait 1) A type of sundae served in a thin tall glass. 2) A still frozen dessert made of egg yolk, syrup and heavy cream.
Paris-Brest A dessert consisting of a ring of baked choux paste filled with cream.
Pasteurized Heat-treated to kill bacteria that might cause disease or spoilage.
Pastillage A sugar paste used for decorative work, which becomes very hard when dry.
Pastry Cream A thick custard sauce containing eggs and starch.
Pastry Flour A weak flour used for pastries and cookies.
Pâte à Choux Éclair paste.
Pâte Feuilleté French name for puff pastry.
Peel A flat wooden shovel used to place hearth breads in an oven and remove them.
Petit four A delicate cake or pastry small enough to be eaten in one or two bites.
Petit Four Glacé An iced or cream filled petit four.
Petit Four sec An un-iced or unfilled petit four such as a small butter cookie or palmier (sec means dry).
Ice-cream
Phyllo A paper-thin dough or pastry used to make strudels and various Middle Eastern and Greek desserts.
Piping Jelly A transparent, sweet jelly used for decorating cakes.
Pithiviers A cake made of puff pastry filled with almond cream.
Pot de Crème A rich baked custard.
Pour Batter A batter that is liquid enough to pour.
Praline A confection or flavoring made of nuts and caramelized sugar.
Press A scaled piece of dough that is divided into small, equal units in a dough divider.
Profiterole A small puff made of éclair paste. Often filled with ice cream and served with chocolate sauce.
Puff Pastry A very light, flaky pastry made from a rolled-in dough and leavened by steam.
Pulled Sugar Sugar that is boiled to the hard-crack stage, allowed to harden slightly, then pulled or stretched until it develops a pearly sheen.
Pumpernickel Flour A coarse, flaky meal made from whole rye grains.
Punching A method of expelling gases from fermented dough.
Puree A food made into a smooth pulp, usually by being ground or forced through a sieve.
Retarding Refrigerating a yeast dough to slow the fermentation.
Rice Condé A thick, molded rice pudding, usually topped with fruit.
Rice Imperatrice A rich rice pudding containing whipped cream, candied fruits, and gelatin.
Rich Dough A dough high in fat, sugar, and/or eggs.
Rolled-in Dough Dough in which a fat has been incorporated in many layers by using a rolling and folding procedure.
Rounding A method of molding a piece of dough into a round ball with a smooth surface or skin.
Royal Icing A form of icing made of confectioners' sugar and egg whites; used for decorating.
Sabayon A foamy dessert or sauce mad eof egg yolks whipped with wine or liqueur.
Sacristain A small pastry made of a twisted strip of puff pastry coated with nuts and sugar.
St. Honoré (1) A dessert made of a ring of cream puffs set on a short dough base and filled with a type of pastry cream (2) The cream used to fill this dessert, made of pastry cream and whipped cream and whipped egg whites.
Savarin A type of yeast bread or cake that is soaked in syrup.
Scaling Weighing, usually of ingredients, dough or batters.
Sherbet A frozen dessert made of water, sugar, fruit juice and sometimes milk or cream.
Short Having a high fat content, which makes the product very crumbly and tender.
Shortbread A crisp cookie made of butter, sugar and flour.
Shortening 1) Any fat used in baking to tenderize the product by shortening gluten strands. 2) A white, tasteless, solid fat that has been formulated for baking or deep-frying.
Simple Syrup A syrup consisting of sucrose and water in varying proportions.
Soft Wheat Wheat low in protein.
Solid Pack A type of canned fruit or vegetable with no water added.
Sorbet French for sherbet.
Soufflé 1) A baked dish containing whipped egg whites, which cause the dish to rise during baking. 2) A still frozen dessert made in a soufflé dish so that it resembles a baked soufflé.
Sourdough 1) A yeast type dough made with a sponge or starter that has fermented so long that it has become very sour or acidic. 2) A bread made with such a dough.
Sponge A batter or dough of yeast, flour and water that is allowed to ferment and is then mixed with more flour and other ingredients to make a dough.
Sponge cake A type of cake made by whipping eggs and sugar to a foam, then folding in flour.
Sponge method A cake mixing method based on whipped eggs and sugar.
Spun Sugar Boiled sugar made into long, thin threads by dipping wires into the sugar syrup and waving them so that the sugar falls off and sets into fine strands.
Staling The change in texture and aroma of baked goods due to the loss of moisture by starch granules.
Stollen A type of sweet yeast bread made with fruit.
Straight flour Flour made from the entire wheat kernel, minus the bran and germ.
Streusel A crumbly topping for baked goods, consisting of fat, sugar and flour rubbed together.
Strong Flour Flour with a high protein.
Strudel 1) A type of dough that is stretched until paper thin. 2) A baked item consisting of a filling rolled up in a sheet of phyllo or strudel dough.
Sucrose The chemical name for regular granulated sugar and confectioner's sugar.
Swiss Roll A thin sponge cake layer spread with a filling and rolled up
Syrup Pack A type of canned fruit containing sugar syrup.
Tempering The process of melting and cooling chocolate to specific temperatures in order to prepare it for dipping, coating or molding.
Torte German word for various types of cakes, usually layered cakes.
Tunneling A condition of muffin products characterized by large, elongated holes; caused by over-mixing.
Turntable A pedestal with a flat, rotating top, used for holding cakes while they are being decorated.
Two-Stage Method A cake mixing method, beginning with the blending of flour and high-ratio shortening, followed by the addition of liquids. Also called the high-ratio method.
Vacherin A crisp meringue shell filled with cream, fruits or other items.
Wash 1) A liquid brushed onto the surface of a product, usually before baking. 2) To apply such a liquid.
Water Pack A type of canned fruit or vegetable containing the water used to process the item.
Weak Flour Flour with a low protein content.
Whole Wheat Flour Flour made by grinding the entire wheat kernel, including bran and germ.
Young Dough A dough that is under-fermented.
Zabaglione An Italian dessert or sauce made of whipped yolks and
Zest The outer colored portion of the peel of citrus.
IHM MUMBAI
2009-2010
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